Methodology

Outlets that do not accept the legitimacy of the ruling political system; their coverage centres on the case for fundamental change. Protests, repression and state failure are foregrounded, and headlines often take a confrontational tone. Nearly all are based outside Iran.

Seriously critical outlets that do not necessarily seek regime change but consistently challenge the official narrative. Their coverage focuses on human rights, corruption and the gap between state and society. Most are diaspora Persian-language or international media.

Outlets keeping a relative distance from both poles, aiming to report events in a low-heat, news-first tone. Criticism or defence appears case by case rather than as a fixed editorial line. Some professional domestic outlets and semi-independent agencies sit here.

Outlets operating within the system that pursue gradual change through elections and policy reform. They criticise governments and institutions while accepting the structure itself. On social issues their tone is usually more open than conservative media.

Right-of-system outlets emphasising revolutionary and religious values. They defend the state’s overall policies but can be harsh toward rival-faction governments. Their foreign-policy narrative is typically resistance-oriented.

Outlets owned by or aligned with official state institutions — state broadcasting and government or military news agencies — reflecting the governing narrative. Stories unfavourable to the state are downplayed or left unanswered. For understanding the official position, this tier is the primary source.